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Keeping nitrogen in the root zone long enough for crops to use it is one of the central challenges in modern fertility management in agriculture.
There are many opportunities for nitrogen loss throughout the nitrogen cycle; volatilization, leaching, and denitrification can quickly deplete the value of nitrogen fertilizers for crop growth and yield.
Many products marketed for nitrogen stabilization contain NBPT [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide].
NBPT is a synthetic urease inhibitor, most commonly used in urea and UAN applications. Its purpose is to slow the conversion of urea to ammonia, which primarily takes place toward the soil surface.
When urease converts urea to ammonia, the ammonia can volatilize as ammonia gas. NBPT temporarily blocks the urease enzyme, delaying hydrolysis for 3–14 days depending on the formulation and environmental conditions like temperature and moisture.
This delay allows time for rainfall or incorporation to place nitrogen deeper into the soil, dramatically reducing volatilization losses.
When plant material is broken down and fully stripped of nutrients, the end result is a complex mixture of high molecular weight carbon molecules full of carboxyl and phenolic groups. Collectively, we call these humic acids, and they give soil its texture and ability to hold moisture and other nutrients.
Rather than blocking the dissipation of nitrogen, the complex molecular structure of the carbon molecules capture and hold onto nitrogen, water, and other nutrients. This holding capacity provides time for plants and microbes to grow, develop, and utilize the nutrients before they are converted to inaccessible forms.
Soils rich in humic acid have a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC) and can hold significantly more nutrients than soils depleted of humic acids. These benefits can create an environment in which nitrogen is used more efficiently, though the effect is more subtle and variable than NBPT.
Feature | NBPT | Humic Acid |
Product Type | Urease inhibitor (synthetic) | Organic soil amendment |
Primary Goal | Reduce ammonia volatilization | Improve soil function and nutrient use efficiency |
Mode of Action | Blocks urease enzyme | Enhances CEC, biology, organic complexes |
Effectiveness | Short-term (days) | Longer-term (weeks or years) |
Impact on Volatilization | Strong, direct | Moderate, indirect |
Impact on Leaching and Denitrification | None | Moderate, soil-dependent |
Best Application Timing | Surface-applied urea/UAN with delay before incorporation | Low-organic-matter soils or where long-term soil health is a priority |
You're applying urea or UAN on the surface
Rainfall or incorporation may be delayed
Volatilization risk is high (warm, windy, high-pH soils)
You're focused on long-term soil improvement
Organic matter is low or soil structure is poor
You’re applying N in a band or incorporated (low volatilization risk)
Yes—because they don’t compete. They achieve similar goals through different mechanisms.
NBPT handles immediate, short-term needs to prevent volatilization, while humic acid improves the soil’s ability to hold and cycle nitrogen over time. Together, they can provide a combined “fast + slow” nitrogen efficiency strategy, and maximize nitrogen fertilizers applied to fields.
Used thoughtfully, each has its place. Used together, they can complement each other—one protecting nitrogen today, the other improving the soil’s ability to conserve and cycle nutrients tomorrow.
Maximizing your ROI starts with protecting your most expensive input: nitrogen. Whether you need the immediate, targeted protection of NBPT for surface applications or the long-term soil-building power of humic acid, FBN has you covered.
At FBN, we offer high-quality nitrogen stabilizers and soil health biologicals delivered directly to your farm.
By combining these two distinct paths—short-term stabilization and long-term soil efficiency—you can create a "fast + slow" strategy that ensures your crop has nitrogen available from emergence through grain fill.
Don't let your nitrogen investment disappear into the atmosphere. Protect your yields today and your soil for tomorrow.
Nitrogen 101: Everything Farmers Need to Know About Nitrogen
Get More Out of Your N Applications Using a Nitrogen Stabilizer
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